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Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of an atom of tritium (hydrogen-3). The mass of a tritium nucleus is 5.00736 × 10-27 kg. The mass of an individual proton is 1.67262 × 10-27 kg. The mass of an individual neutron is 1.67493 × 10-27 kg.

Nickel-62 has the most tightly bound nucleus of known atoms. Do you think this means that it has the highest or lowest binding energy per nucleon of all atoms? To help you answer this question, calculate the binding energy per nucleon of nickel-62. The mass of a nickel-62 nucleus is 1.02809 × 10-25 kg. The mass of an individual proton is 1.67262 × 10-27 kg. The mass of an individual neutron is 1.67493 × 10-27 kg.

An unstable atom of carbon-11 can undergo beta decay, emitting a positron. The nucleus of a carbon-11 atom has a mass of about 1.82849 × 10-26 kg. The nucleus of a boron-11 atom has a mass of about 1.82814 × 10-26 kg. The mass of an positron is approximately 9.109 × 10-31 kg. How much atomic energy is released by this decay of a carbon-11?

You know already that stars fuse together atoms of hydrogen to form helium, producing a large amount of energy. However, it doesn’t end there. At very high temperature and pressure, atoms continue to fuse together to produce larger and larger nuclei, especially in the star’s core. For example, when the temperature in the core reaches above 1.5 gigakelvin (1,500,000,000 K), atoms of oxygen can fuse together. This reaction creates an atom of silicon and an atom of helium, as shown below.
168O + 168O → 2814Si + 42He
The nucleus of an oxygen-16 atom has a mass of 2.65529 × 10-26 kg. The nucleus of a silicon-28 atom has a mass of 4.64440 × 10-26 kg. The mass of a helium-4 nucleus is 6.64467 × 10-27 kg. How much energy does this fusion reaction release? How does this compare to the fusion of hydrogen atoms?

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